Hard Tech

WHAT IS HARD TECH?

Companies and innovations that are rooted in complex physical hardware and deep scientific breakthroughs, shaping aerospace, defense, and manufacturing, as an all-in-one effort to strengthen national security.

Unlike software-driven or “soft tech” solutions, Hard Tech innovations are characterized by:

Deep technical complexity (e.g., physics, chemistry, engineering)

Capital intensity (labs, equipment, prototyping, manufacturing)

Long development cycles and higher barriers to entry

Tangible, real-world outputs (hardware systems, materials, energy systems, etc.)

Definition

Hard Tech: Science and engineering-driven technologies that produce physical-world systems and capabilities

Soft Tech: Software-driven technologies that primarily operate in digital environments

Development Cycle

Scalability

Core Focus

Capital Requirements

National Security Implications

Examples

Barrier to Entry

Economic Impact